Armadale, United Kingdom

Aside from the presence of the old castle, Armadale was little more than a rural farm community for most of its history, as part of a larger rural estate named Barbauchlaw (a corruption of 'Boar Baughlee'). However, this situation changed with the coming of the new turnpike road between Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1786, with Armadale having a location at a main highway junction on both the new regular east/west stagecoach route and also the old main north/south cattle droving route. This led to the establishment of a small village, including the establishment of a coaching inn (opening in 1797) and toll house. The toll house at Armadale was built where the new road intersected with an existing road in the east of the estate. The estate comprising the lands of Barbauchlaw was sold to Sir William Honeyman in 1790 and upon his elevation to the bench in 1797 he took the title of Lord Armadale (from his mother's estate in Sutherland) and this name was then applied to the township.

In the late 1830s, Armadale was the scene of a major highway robbery, when the stagecoach between Glasgow and Edinburgh was robbed by four assailants. In the robbery, some £6000 in notes, gold and silver coins was stolen from a cargo trunk belonging to the Commercial Bank. Two of the robbers, George Gilchrist and George Davidson were found guilty of the robbery and sentenced to death. While Gilchrist was hanged in public on 3 August 1831, Davidson managed to escape with the aid of relatives and escaped on a ship, eventually settling in New York. The first post office arrived in the village in 1855. In 1857, a murder took place in Armadale on the road to Boghead in which the murderer, John McLean was subsequently hanged at Linlithgow in what became the last public execution in West Lothian. During the mid 19th century, the farms around Armadale increasingly used Irish labourers to assist with farm work and this eventually led to a notable incident in 1858, where a riot broke out between locals and Irish workers. The Lees led the attack on the Irish immigrants with the leader, John the Taigslayer, notorious for his bitter hatred of hard-working people like the Meeks of a neighbouring village. Although the participants were armed with firearms, there were no fatalities. Also in 1858, the first church in Armadale, St Paul's Episcopal Chapel was built.

The discovery of large coal deposits and also ironstone in the area attracted the attention of a number of companies and several pits were sunk in the area. A coal company was formed in 1819 and began to work the "Woodend Pit" to the north-west of the toll house. The resulting boost in prosperity brought railway companies onto the scene transporting an influx of workers requiring housing, shops and public buildings, transforming Armadale into a town. A school was first formed in the town also in this year, and it eventually became necessary to build a dedicated school house in 1839 to accommodate the growing number of students. By 1862, there were fifteen licensed pubs in the town. There were increasing concerns by some village residents over alcohol consumption in the area and by 1901, following a public meeting, a new Public House Society was created in the village. The Society sought to limit how much members could drink and they erected a new public house building under the Gothenburg Public House System. Known as the 'Goth', this building still stands today as a landmark on the Main Street. In 1924, a stone frontage with an Art Nouveau public clock tower, extensive columned interior and stained glass was added to the structure by Peddie and Kinnear. The building is Category C listed.

In 1870, a second church named the parish church was built in the town (with a belfry and pedimented porch). By 1912, the town had extensive coalfields, quarries, tile and brickworks and other industry. These included the Etna Brickworks, the Unicol Tile Works, the Atlas Brick Works and the West Works (demolished 1982).

In 1919, at the centre of the town (the Cross), a cast-iron memorial was erected. Erected by the public, the Kerr Memorial commemorates a Mrs Elizbeth Kerr who was fatally injured in the saving of a child from being run over by a passing motor car. In 1923, a large Miner's Welfare Institute was established in the town (it has since been converted to flats). Most of the mines and other industry in the town closed following the Second World War. As with most mineral dependent communities, as the deposits were exhausted and the pits closed, many moved away but enough local industry remained for the township to survive and today it has also become a commuting hub for those employed in the major towns, although the brickworks have now closed. Many areas of the town remain derelict (in 2024 it was reported that 77% of the population in the town live within 500m of a derelict site, compared with 16% on average in West Lothian). In 1966, a new harled council office building was built in the town (it is now a Vets). In 2018, following a community fundraising effort, the town erected a new war memorial to those lost in wars from Armadale and the surrounding area. The memorial was erected at Watson park in the town and includes a statue of a bagpiper.